This article targets the various classifications related to the Ocean Energy.

Need For Ocean Energy:

1. Current Depleting Fossil Fuels or Conventional Energy Sources.
2. High cost of fossil fuels.
3. Selective availability and unpredictability of wind energy.
4. Solar Energy also fluctuates between day and night. Even cloudy weather also affects the solar energy a lot.

Ocean Energy Types:

1. Tidal System
2. Wave System
3. OTEC System.

Where The (Ocean) Energy Is, Actually?

The secret lies in Waves. The wave is result of winds. Wave contains the huge energy. With this energy wave comes towards the shoreline. Finally, it breaks on seashore. Main reason behind the generation of wave is Wind. Generally, waves can also be classified in three main parts.

Classification of Waves Based on Wave Frequency:

1. Daily
2. Seasonal
3. Occasional

Classification of Ocean Wave Energy Converters:

Active (off-shore) converters:

1. Pelamis Wave Energy Converter
2. McCabe Wave Pump
3. Float Pump
4. Hose Pump

Passive energy converters:

1. Oscillating Water Column
2. Tapered Channel Device
3. Pendulor Device

Classification of Power Station:

According to the mode of operation:

1. Active Power Station
2. Passive Power Station

According the way of power received:

1. Terminator Wave Power Station
2. Attenuator Power Station

Classification of Devices:

According to the supporting Structure

• Floating type
• Stationary type

According to the Motion of Devices

• High speed
• Medium speed
• Low speed

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1. Seminar On Solar Energy
2. Details – Advantages – Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy
3. What is Solar Panel?

What is Solar Panel (photovoltaic panel)?

Today, world is facing immense big problem regarding Energy Crisis. All we know about Current Energy sources not gonna last long and so need for alternate energy source and all that blah .. blah .. blah…!

Solar Energy could be one of major solutions to our Energy problem but how to capture that energy is main problem and that is the thing which is holding us back from using most precious Energy Source Ever, Sun!!!

So, People today have found out some ways of using solar energy for various tasks like water heating, cooling their homes etc. But we all know that most clean and useful form of energy is Electricity. With Electricity available, we can perform all the works like Heating water, Cooling houses and offices, Running Pumps, Running Industries and everything. So, researchers are making their efforts in finding something that can convert Solar Energy to Electricity. Today, we have a solution on the problem. The device is Photovoltaic Panel or PV Panel or Solar Panel.

In short, Solar Panel is the Device that converts Solar Energy and Converts it to D.C. (Direct Current) electricity.

Some Important Features of PV Panels:

1. Most Important, They make no pollution while conversion of energy, so can be called as clean energy source.
2. Solar Panels works on Sun which is forever source of energy.
3. They are Easy to Install and Simple in operation.
4. They have really low maintenance cost.
5. Solar Panel can work for long time.
6. They make no sound while working.

Construction and Working of Solar Panels:

Solar Panels is Modular structure. When we say Solar Panel, we imagine huge long shiny boards, true! So, that is called as array. This array is formed from number of Panels.

Each Panel is not elemental. It consist of much smaller Modules. And each module is then made up of number of solar cells.

So, most basic and most important part of Panel is pretty small cell. This cell is a lot like P-N junction diode in which electrons crosses the junction then travels thrugh the holes. Here, electrons take solar energy to cross the junction and so we get voltage as output. This cell is made up of silicon or germanium which are semiconductor materials.

In general, at equatorial region (where Solar Energy is maximum) the solar Pannel of size 1/5 meter can produce about 2 Ampere of Current at 2 Volt potential difference.

The performance of Solar Panels is decreased by one major factor, Heating of Panels. As the temperature of Panels grows the efficiency of Panels is decreased dramatically.

Most Important Use of Solar Panels Today:

So, can you guess where these Panels are used and function is extremely important? I bet, Satellites! Satellites need huge amounts of electricity for its various functionalities and they depend on solar panel for the same.

Limitations:

• Very high installation and Production cost.
• Solar panels need large area for energy collection so as compared to fossil fuels they are space consuming.
• Solar energy is not same in all the parts of the world.
• It is not continuous, for ex. it does not works at night so storing mechanism is necessary for working in offtime.

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1. Construction of The Solar Aircraft
2. Seminar On Solar Energy
3. Hybrid Solar Desiccant Cooling System

Green Engine Seminar Guidelines:

1. What is Green Engine? Why it is necessary or evolved?
2. Major Technical Features of Green Engine.
3. Working and Principle of Green Engine.
4. Why green engine is superior to other conventional engines? Compare them.
5. Advantages.
6. Applications of GE.
7. Conclusion of Seminar.
8. References.

Introduction:

Today world is facing the major problems regarding energy crisis. This is caused due to limited fuel resources available around us like petroleum products, coal, natural gas etc. Along with this we are facing major environmental trouble due to increase in harmful gases which are evolved from nowhere else but the combustion of these conventional energy sources.

Major portion of fuels is burnt in the engines used for various purposes like main automobiles, generators, power plants etc. So to reduce the environmental hazards only way is to use energy in the way it will not harm environment.

This need have evolved the newer designs of engines. Green Engine is one of these concept and really practicable and effective.

What is Green Engine?

Green engine is the internal combustion engine with some or major modifications in its parts and design.

Main Features: Green Engine:

1. High Air Charge Rate.
2. Satisfactory Air Fuel Mixing: Green engine achieves the better air fuel mixing than conventional engine which in turn reduces the emission of harmful gases like carbon monoxide.
3. Complete Combustion of Fuel: As better A/F ratio, we achieve better combustion.
4. High Combustion Efficiency:
5. Full Expansion: In conventional engine total, energy of expansion stroke is not converted into useful energy. But green engine overcomes this problem and recovers full expansion stroke and saves fuels.

Principle and Construction of Green Engine:

Green engine is really evolutionary concept. Its construction is a lot varied from the conventional reciprocating engine.

Green engine have rotary type construction. Central shaft is provided with the four vanes around it. These vanes run on the internal wall of engine as shaft rotates. Small chambers are provided at two inlet ports in which various functions like intake, compression, mixing and finally combustion is achieved. Then power of expanding gases is released in expansion chamber and then flue gases are sent to exhaust.

Working Principle of Green Engine:

The sequence of working operations of Green Engine is as below:

1. Intake: Air is taken in from the inlet port.
2. Compression: Positive compression is achieved by movement of vane along the wall.
3. Direct Fuel Injection: Fuel is injected in compressed air directly.
4. Super Mixing: As fuel passes through various small compartments, better mixing is achieved.
5. Combustion: In final chamber combustion is done.
6. Power: Power is achieved in the power stroke from expanding flue gases.
7. Exhaust: After power stroke, flue gases are expelled from engine through exhaust manifold.

Green Engine Can be Compared With conventional Engine on following criterion:

1. Emission.
2. Noise and Vibrations.
3. Volumetric Efficiency.
4. Heat loss in exhaust gases.
5. Fuel Feasibility.
6. Torque and Work Output of Engine.

Advantages of Green Engine:

1. Higher Efficiency.
2. Lower exhaust temperature. i.e. low heat loss in flue gases.
3. Emission control.
4. For low weight and size green engine delivers much better performance.
5. Due to rotary nature green engine performance is much better.
6. Low cost engine.
7. Fuel usability of engines.
8. Less noisy and less vibrations and hence high efficient.

Applications of Green Engine:

1. Like normal engine green engine can be employed in automobiles and in aircrafts, too.
2. Engineering applications.
3. Military use.
4. Mines.
5. Electrical Generators.
6. Ships and submarines.

Conclusion and Summary of Green Engine:

1. Green engine can work with large variety of fuels which makes it good choice for using nonconventional fuels like biodiesel.
2. Pollution is minimised by green engine.
3. it’s a new revolutionary engine technology.

References for Green Engine:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Green_Engine

2. http://www.thegreenengine.com/

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1. Green Construction
2. Wind Power

No doubt, electricity is most convenient format of energy. Today, world is facing the energy crisis problems. There are many conventional ways of generating the electricity. But those ways are really expensive due to high costs of fuels. Also, more severe problem is high potential of fuels to pollute the atmosphere.

These problems can be overcome by using non-conventional energy sources like wind energy, geothermal energy, solar energy and many other. But even then problem of energy crisis will persist.

Here are given, some simple and effective ways to save electricity:

1. Increase a power factor by using capacitor which reduces loss in electrical energy during transmission.
2. Do not use REWINDED motors. They are responsible for 5% efficiency losses.
3. Use electronic chokes in tube light. Saves 20% energy.
4. Use moulded FRP fans having aerofoil shaped wings for saving 20 to 40% energy.
5. Use proper & tight belt for electrical drives, which saves 15-20% energy.
6. Do not place hot matter in the refrigerator, Due to this activity load on compressor is increases. Which cause increase in time of refrigeration. This subsequently increases electrical billing amount.
7. For water heating, wherever and whenever possible use solar energy that is SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM.
8. Do not use micro oven for cooking the food, it just a wastage of 65% energy. Try to use solar cooking system.
9. Do not use air conditioners when they are not needed; use maximum natural air and light through windows.
10. Use proper sized wires in house according to load on it if high sized wire increase resistance so energy loss takes place.

For more information on Electricity and Saving:

How to Save Electricity

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1. Wind Power

History of Wind Energy:

The use of wind machines, actually, dates back to 5000 years ago in Egypt. The people used wind energy for their mechanical power needs. They had found the ways to convert the energy of wind into mechanical energy of usable format.

Wind Turbine today is definitely a evolved version of its older forms.

Wind Turbine:

Wind turbine the mechanical device which converts the Wind Energy in to mechanical work which in further stages drives the generator which generates electricity.

Types of Wind Turbines:

1. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Construction of Wind Turbine:

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines:

1. Anemometer:- Monitors the Speed.
2. Blades:- 2 or 3 blades of aerofoil cross section.
3. Brakes:- To avoid overspeeding.
4. Gear Box:- Convert low speed of rotor shaft into high speed of generator shaft.
5. Generator:- Gnerates electricity, 60 Hz A.C in general.
6. Tower:- Supports the structure and provide height.
7. Yaw Drive:- Arrangement for Turning rotor axis perpendicular to wind direction.

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines:

1. Rotor Blades:- Eggbeater shaped 3 blades.
2. Hub:- Holds upper and lower ends.
3. Gear Box:- Convert low speed of rotor shaft into high speed of generator shaft.
4. Generator:- Self induction generator.
5. Guy Wires:- Tied from the top and supports the total structure by tension.

Factors Affecting  Performance of Wind Turbines:

1. Siting Factor:

• Onshore site.
• Nearshore Site.
• Offshore Site.
• Airbourne Site.

2. Capacity Factor:-

3. Low Wind Speed:-

Maintenance: Wind Machines:

1. Planned Maintenance
2. Electrical Safety Maintenance
3. Breakdown Maintenance

Advantages: Wind Energy:

1. Totally renewable and long lasting (till human race ends).
2. Can be coupled with agriculture and adds income.
3. low working cost.
4. Not water and land intensive.
5. Low impact on the animal and plant life.

Disadvantages: Wind Energy:

1. Needs backup as wind is intermittant.
2. Aesthetically looks bad.
3. Blades kills birds.
4. Problems to T.V. signals and creates noise so must be away from urban areas.
5. Can not be stored.
6. Very  high initial cost of machinery.

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1. Wind Power

The main types of energy sources are Conventional Energy Sources and Non Conventional Energy Sources. Conventional energy sources are the non renewable sources like petroleum, natural gas, coal etc. Non conventional energy sources are renewable energy sources like solar energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, wind energy etc. Out of which Wind Energy is one of the important Non conventional clean energy source. The wind has played a long and important role in the history of human civilization. The first known use of wind dates back 5,000 years to Egypt, where boats used sails to travel from shore to shore. After that regular development is going on till today.

Now a day’s wind power is used for eco friendly generation of electricity. Wind turbines are used for production of electricity. Wind turbines are producing electricity efficiently, economically and without damaging environment. This energy sector providing employment as well as it saves the fossil fuels which are used for electricity generation. The generated electricity is utilized for domestic as well as industrial purposes.

As it requires low maintenance and having many advantages hence these are become popular everywhere in world. As fossil fuels are limited and will be exhausted in future so Wind energy may become a backbone of future energy requirements.

Today, lot much research is going on in this sector. In India also many wind farms are developed. The states like Tamilnadu, Gujarat, and Maharashtra are leading. India is standing at fifth position in power production using wind in world. Lot much scope is still available in world and it will become a major source of Power in future.

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