This article targets the various classifications related to the Ocean Energy.

Need For Ocean Energy:

1. Current Depleting Fossil Fuels or Conventional Energy Sources.
2. High cost of fossil fuels.
3. Selective availability and unpredictability of wind energy.
4. Solar Energy also fluctuates between day and night. Even cloudy weather also affects the solar energy a lot.

Ocean Energy Types:

1. Tidal System
2. Wave System
3. OTEC System.

Where The (Ocean) Energy Is, Actually?

The secret lies in Waves. The wave is result of winds. Wave contains the huge energy. With this energy wave comes towards the shoreline. Finally, it breaks on seashore. Main reason behind the generation of wave is Wind. Generally, waves can also be classified in three main parts.

Classification of Waves Based on Wave Frequency:

1. Daily
2. Seasonal
3. Occasional

Classification of Ocean Wave Energy Converters:

Active (off-shore) converters:

1. Pelamis Wave Energy Converter
2. McCabe Wave Pump
3. Float Pump
4. Hose Pump

Passive energy converters:

1. Oscillating Water Column
2. Tapered Channel Device
3. Pendulor Device

Classification of Power Station:

According to the mode of operation:

1. Active Power Station
2. Passive Power Station

According the way of power received:

1. Terminator Wave Power Station
2. Attenuator Power Station

Classification of Devices:

According to the supporting Structure

• Floating type
• Stationary type

According to the Motion of Devices

• High speed
• Medium speed
• Low speed

Related posts:

1. Seminar On Solar Energy
2. Details – Advantages – Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy
3. What is Solar Panel?

Geothermal Energy:

Geothermal Energy is heat energy within the earth. It results from decay of Radioactive Materials, Chemical Reactions, Friction of Tectonic Plates and another important is heat content of the earth when it formed.

Earth Temperatures According to Depth:

Earth has four main layers.

1. Crust: This is outermost layer of earth which cooled first. This is thinner than any other layer.
2. Mantle: Mantle is just below the crust. It is 1250 miles deep. Mantle at its depth can be as hot as 5400 degree Fahrenheit.
3. Outer Core: This is third layer from the outside. It is at higher temperature than mantle. Depth of outer core is 2500 miles and its temperature can be upto 7200 degree Fahrenheit.
4. Inner Core: Finally, its core at about 4000 miles deep and at 9000 degree Fahrenheit.

Where Do We Find Geothermal Energy:

Though, anywhere you go deep temperature goes on increasing. But, definitely, some areas perform better than other. Like areas Volcanoes, Hot Springs, Geysers etc. where there is geological activities are much active than others.

Ring of Fire:

This is area on the earth where Geological Activities are more active than other areas. This ring of fire forms from Japan, Philippines, Aleutian Island, North America, Central America, South America.

How Geothermal Energy Plant Works:

Due to geothermal heat rocks at the depths are hot. Technically, geothermal power plant have two wells drilled in the ground above such rocks. One well accepts hot water and steam from the ground and other well rejects cold water into the ground. Hot water and steam from the hot well can be used for power generation.

Classification of Geothermal Resources:

1. Hydrothermal Resources:

This is reservoir of steam and hot water. Water comes there from underground springs and gets heated due to hot rocks.

2. Geo pressured Resources:

This resource of water at much depth. It contains the dissolved methane gas. We have technologies to use this resources. But, it’s not economically affordable.

3. Hot Dry Rock Reactions:

This occurs depths of 5 to 10 miles below the earth surface.

Geothermal Energy in India:

There exists about 400 low to medium enthalpy thermal springs. The temperature of these thermal springs can be vary from 47 to 98 degree Celsius. These places potential for 10000 MW of energy.

Advantages of Geothermal Energy:

• Fuel is not needed.
• Smaller sized plant than equivalent others.
• Once built, energy generation cost is much low or can be free.
• Most important, no emissions from geothermal power plant. So, saves our environment from more green house gas effects.

Some Applications of Geothermal Energy:

• To run turbines that will produce electricity.
• Geothermal Aquaculture, which is farming of water creatures. This includes, natural warm water to speed growth of fishes, reptiles etc.
• Supply hot water to localizations.
• To keep indoor temperature comfortable by geoexchange system.

Related posts:

1. Seminar On Solar Energy
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Casting
3. Go Green Opportunities

Installing a solar panel for your home or business place is always a great way to save a lot of energy & cost for long term. But when it comes to installing a the solar panel – consumers like us hardly have idea on what to choose out of the variety of available solar panels & accessories available for it.

We have found an outstanding service named Solar Choice, who provides their service across the Australia & help you out in solar panel installation from beginning to the installation. They do not manufacture solar panels themselves but provide you the information about the best of solar panel installers across the Australia.

They will provide you with an instant comparison of products available in the market with best price & possible discounts. If you fill out the quick form they’ll look for your rooftop from online Google Earth service & provide you in depth assessment for what exactly will suit your needs.

Solar Choice service will also seek for any of entitlement to the various Government solar energy incentive schemes, including the new scheme that can significantly reduce your overall cost of installation of solar panels.

The best part is you’ll pay no extra fees for this service at all , so you have nothing to loose in using this great service whiich helps you in installing solar panel in Australia.

Related posts:

1. What is Solar Panel?
2. Hybrid Solar Desiccant Cooling System
3. Seminar On Solar Energy

What is Solar Panel (photovoltaic panel)?

Today, world is facing immense big problem regarding Energy Crisis. All we know about Current Energy sources not gonna last long and so need for alternate energy source and all that blah .. blah .. blah…!

Solar Energy could be one of major solutions to our Energy problem but how to capture that energy is main problem and that is the thing which is holding us back from using most precious Energy Source Ever, Sun!!!

So, People today have found out some ways of using solar energy for various tasks like water heating, cooling their homes etc. But we all know that most clean and useful form of energy is Electricity. With Electricity available, we can perform all the works like Heating water, Cooling houses and offices, Running Pumps, Running Industries and everything. So, researchers are making their efforts in finding something that can convert Solar Energy to Electricity. Today, we have a solution on the problem. The device is Photovoltaic Panel or PV Panel or Solar Panel.

In short, Solar Panel is the Device that converts Solar Energy and Converts it to D.C. (Direct Current) electricity.

Some Important Features of PV Panels:

1. Most Important, They make no pollution while conversion of energy, so can be called as clean energy source.
2. Solar Panels works on Sun which is forever source of energy.
3. They are Easy to Install and Simple in operation.
4. They have really low maintenance cost.
5. Solar Panel can work for long time.
6. They make no sound while working.

Construction and Working of Solar Panels:

Solar Panels is Modular structure. When we say Solar Panel, we imagine huge long shiny boards, true! So, that is called as array. This array is formed from number of Panels.

Each Panel is not elemental. It consist of much smaller Modules. And each module is then made up of number of solar cells.

So, most basic and most important part of Panel is pretty small cell. This cell is a lot like P-N junction diode in which electrons crosses the junction then travels thrugh the holes. Here, electrons take solar energy to cross the junction and so we get voltage as output. This cell is made up of silicon or germanium which are semiconductor materials.

In general, at equatorial region (where Solar Energy is maximum) the solar Pannel of size 1/5 meter can produce about 2 Ampere of Current at 2 Volt potential difference.

The performance of Solar Panels is decreased by one major factor, Heating of Panels. As the temperature of Panels grows the efficiency of Panels is decreased dramatically.

Most Important Use of Solar Panels Today:

So, can you guess where these Panels are used and function is extremely important? I bet, Satellites! Satellites need huge amounts of electricity for its various functionalities and they depend on solar panel for the same.

Limitations:

• Very high installation and Production cost.
• Solar panels need large area for energy collection so as compared to fossil fuels they are space consuming.
• Solar energy is not same in all the parts of the world.
• It is not continuous, for ex. it does not works at night so storing mechanism is necessary for working in offtime.

Related posts:

1. Construction of The Solar Aircraft
2. Seminar On Solar Energy
3. Hybrid Solar Desiccant Cooling System

In previous article, compressed air vehicle I have explained brief about it. Here we will discuss some interesting facts about compressed air engine.

Components of Compressed Air Engine:

1. POWER PACK.

1. Pressure receiver or compressed air tank.
2. Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger System.
3. Rotary Pneumatic Motor.

2. Areticulated Con Rod

3. Air Filter.

4. Regenerative Braking.

5. Engine of Compressed Air Vehicle.

6. Aluminum Rod Chassis.

7. Electrical System.

Working of Compressed Air Engine:

Working of compressed Air Engine can be explained as simple steps.

1. Intake into combustion chamber.
2. Expanded from compressed air tank.
3. Compression in intake cylinder.
4. Expansion in exhaust cylinder(power stroke).
5. Exhaust to atmosphere.

Refilling Methods For Compressed Air Propelled Cars:

• Refilling at the mains.
• Refilling at service station.
• High pressure compressor e.g. very high pressure compressor available in France which is used for refilling of buses.
• Refilling by Wind Mill.
• Refilling By Hydraulic System.

Advantages of Compressed Air Propelled Cars:

1. They are not polluting.
2. They have long life.
3. They have high efficiency.
4. They are ecological.
5. They are economical.
6. They are cheaper and easy to build them.
7. They require short recharge time.
8. They are safe.
9. They use renewable energy.

Advantages of Compressed Air Car Over Other Fuel Vehicles:

• The fossil fuel vehicles fail in the condition.
• The battery electric vehicles fail in the condition.
• The hydrogen vehicles fail in the condition.
• The Compressed Natural gas vehicles fail in the condition.

Limitations of Compressed Air Car Technology:

1. The only limitation of the compressed air propelled cars is that it does not have the refueling stations as that of the petrol.
2. It requires 4 hours to recharge if domestic power supply is used. But we can easily overcome these limitations.

References:

[1]http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/vehicles/air-car1.htm

Related posts:

1. Compressed Air Vehicles
2. Green Engine
3. Emission Control in S.I.Engine

Introduction:

Here is explained the seminar topic solar energy. Within this topic we will cover major points related to Solar Energy, as below:

1. Introduction.
2. Classification.
3. Introduction TO Solar Energy.
4. Availability Of Solar Energy.
5. Applications Of Solar Energy.
6. Advantages & Disadvantages.
7. Conclusion.

Introduction to Topic Solar Energy:

Today the world is facing number of problems. The world is coming closer at high rate. Also with such high speed energy is consuming.

The conventional energy sources which are now available with us are about to vanish within few years. So we should think about the alternate energy sources .

The conventional energy sources like Coal, Oil, Biomass produces harmful emissions It causes harmful effects. It is time to wholeheartedly support and implement renewable energies like wind, biomass gasification and solar power, as well as the search for future power systems that will tap the sea of energy that surrounds us all.

We have always used the energy of the sun as far back as humans have existed on this planet. We use the sun’s energy every day in many different ways. Plants use the sun’s light to make food. Animals eat plants for food. As we know that decaying plants hundreds of millions of years ago produced the coal, oil and natural gas that we use today. So, fossil fuels is actually sunlight stored millions and millions of years ago.

Classification of Energy Sources:

Energy sources can be classified on various basis. But here in this case we are dealing with conventional and non conventional topic, so we will use Renewable Energy Sources and Non-Renewable Energy Sources as the classification criteria.

Renewable Energy Sources:

• Solar Energy.
• Wind Energy.
• Geothermal Energy.
• Biomass Energy.
• Tidal Energy.

Non-Renewable Energy Sources:

• Oil.
• Coal.
• Natural Gas.
• Nuclear Energy.

Availability of Solar Energy:

On a clear day, at the Earth’s surface, we are receiving Solar Power at about 1 kilowatt per square meter. As each part of the planet turns toward the Sun, on a ‘sunny’ day roughly 800 -1000 watts of power per square meter are received at ground.

Various Ways Which Allows Us to Use Solar Energy:

• Solar Cell / Photovoltaic Cell.
• Solar Thermal Electricity.
• Solar Cars / solar aircraft.
• Solar Water Heater.
• Solar Cooker.
• Solar Lightning.
• Solar Water Pumping.
• Solar Dryer.
• Solar Cooling.

Advantages of Solar Energy:

1. No air pollution.
2. No danger of increasing global warming.
3. Ease of use.
4. Available at large quantity.
5. Available at most of places in plenty.
6. Long lasting, never ending.
7. Renewable.

Disadvantages of Solar Energy:

1. High initial cost of equipments.
2. Needs large collection areas.
3. Not constant all the days.
4. Collection is not easy.

Conclusion of Seminar “Solar Energy”:

• We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It’s also up to those who will create the new energy technologies of the future.
• All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming, air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing interest and more development in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave power and hydrogen.

References:

[1] http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/solar.htm

Related posts:

1. Concept of The Solar Aircraft
2. Hybrid Solar Desiccant Cooling System
3. Wind Power

Introduction:

Today we are facing the serious fuel problems. Main problem is not only the inadequacy of fuels but also about their combustion products. As we know that, liquid is most usable state of fuels, we are a lot habitual about using it. Like in our cars, trucks, generators, trains etc. Bio diesel is one of best steps towards the renewable and non-polluting energy source. Here is discussed the Process to Make Bio diesel.

Bio Diesel:

Making bio diesel is very simple process. It is so basic that it could be achieved in the small home laboratory, too. When bio diesel is to be produced on the large scale, the basic process remains the same with some changes for achieving commercial agreement.

Process of Making Bio Diesel:

Basically, bio diesel is made from vegetable oils. Vegetable oils contains triglycerides and glycerin. Glycerin content is about 13% and this is needed to be separated. During the chemical process the triglycerides are converted into esters. This is actual product which burns. As an output, we get mixture of glycerin and ester. Glycerin have higher density and hence it settles down. At this stage separation is done to get bio diesel.

The process in which vegetable oil converts into esters is called as trans-esterification. The process of making bio diesel needs some simple chemicals:

1. Methanol, which is easy to process and chip.
2. Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, Caustic soda.

Initially, alcohol methanol is allowed to react with vegetable oil in the presence of catalyst, sodium hydroxide. This reaction output is crude bio diesel and glycerin. Moreover, 90% of vegetable oil is converted into biodiesel by this process. The biproduct of the trans esterification reaction is Glycerin, which is highly used substance in the cosmetics industries, for making soaps, face wash creams and many more applications in the industry. Then bio diesel is chemically washed to get more pure of it.

Imporatant About Bio-Diesel:

Generally, bio diesel made non commercially don’t qualify the ASTM’s code for bio diesel. Using such bio diesel may cause some problems in engine which are expensive to repair. So, cleaning of  reaction products is a lot important here.

References:

[1] http://www.oregonbiofuels.com/

No related posts.

In previous article Emission Control Device and Measures-I, we have seen Catalytic Converter and Exhaust Gas Recirculation methods to control the emissions. Here I am going to present some other emission control measures which are quite uncommon.

1. Plasma Exhaust Treatment:

Non-thermal plasma technologies are being developed to reduce NOx emissions from gasoline and diesel exhaust. Since oxidation reactions dominate during plasma discharges in lean exhaust, the plasma alone is ineffective in reducing NOx. Combined plasma-catalyst systems, however, have been shown to enhance the catalyst selectivity and NOx removal efficiency. Non-thermal plasma reactors can be also designed as diesel particulate matter reducing devices. Plasma technologies still require a significant improvement in their consumption of electrical energy and in other areas.

2. Ammonia Injection:

As a fuel, ammonia does not hold much promise, but if used as an exhaust additives it can give excellent control for NOx emission . Ammonia and nitric oxide interact to form nitrogen and water. Ford motor co. has been doing investigation with injecting ammonia water in the exhaust manifold, downstream from the port. For an effective utilization of ammonia injection, the exhaust gas temperature has to be kept within strict limits and the injecting device has to be put sufficiently down to bring the gas temperature to 165ºc.This also demands a very close tolerance in air fuel ratio supplied by the carburettor . The present carburettors are incapable of this and it might be necessary to adopt electronic injection system to keep close control over fuel-air ratios.

3. Electronic Injection:

It is possible to develop an electronic injection system with sensors for air temperature,manifold pressure and speed which will precisely regulate the fuel supply giving only such air-fuel ratio as will give no HC or CO emissions. The emissions on deceleration can be completely removed by shutting off the fuel supply when the throttle is closed.But this system will still not be able to control the NOx emission .Combination of electronic injection and ammonia as an exhaust additives has an attractive future .

4. Using Alternative Fuels:

This is different and creative way of reducing emissions. If we have problem with petrol and diesel combustion, then why use them? Use something else which does not make that kinda pollution. This theme seems to be simple. But, finding out alternate fuel and designing machines according to them is quite unusual task. But, using alternate fuel is good idea.

Biodiesel is oxigenated fuel. So, it reduces the problem of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons and it boosts up the NOX. Similarly, different results are obtained by using CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) or LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). Some properties are desirable and some are vice versa.

That’s All About Emissions.

For More Information check below

[1] Emission Control In Petrol Engine.

[2] Emission Control In Diesel Engine.

[3] Exhaust Gas Recirculation.

Related posts:

1. Emission Control Devices and Measures-I
2. Emission Control in C.I.Engine
3. Emission Control in S.I.Engine

In my article, Emissions we have studied about emissions, types, contents of emission gases and their major sources viz. C.I. Engines and S.I. Engines.

We have also discussed about emission control in Petrol Engines and Diesel Engines particularly. The reason behind discussing these both sources is that, they are the sources which contribute highest in total Worlds’ Emissions. Here We will see some more kind of Emission Control Devices.

For Automobile Tuning Information and Parts, please check out ppe tuner.

Emission Control Devices:

1. Catalytic Converter:

Catalytic converter is the device which is fitted on the way of outgoing gases from the engine to atmosphere. Catalytic converter compromises of some chemicals or active chemicals which reacts with content of outgoing gases like CO and NOX. Moreover, they take part in reaction as catalyst which causes their presence unchanged at the end of reaction. After reaction reactants like CO are converted into acceptable emissions like Carbon Di Oxide. Depending upon fuel quality, catalyst material, working temperature etc. life of catalytic converter varies. But generally they have good life and produce effective results.

Some of Major Kinds of Catalytic Converters are As Below:

a. Fast Light off Catalyst:

Allows the catalytic converter to work sooner by decreasing the exhaust temperature required for operation. Untreated exhaust emitted at the start of the legislated emissions test and on short journeys in the real world is curtailed. Changes to the thermal capacity of substrates and type and composition of the active precious metal catalyst have together affected big improvements.

b. Hydrocarbon Adsorber System:

They incorporate special materials, such as zeolites, into or ahead of the catalyst. Hydrocarbon emissions are collected when exhaust temperatures are too low for effective catalyst operation. The hydrocarbons are then desorbed at higher temperatures when the catalyst has reached its operating temperature and is ready to receive and destroy the hydrocarbons.

c. Electrically Heated Catalyst System:

As name suggest, it is provided with electrical heater for heating the catalyst material. At higher temperature, rate of reaction grows and hence electrical heating encourages the catalyst work better.

d. Lean Combustion:

Lean combustion is essential to limit carbon dioxide emissions and to reduce fuel consumption. New diesel technologies with greater use of electronic management and direct injection with unit injectors or common rail injection, can achieve further fuel consumption improvements. The conventional three-way catalyst technology used on petrol engines needs a richer environment with lower air:fuel ratios to reduce NOx, so a radical new approach is required.

e. DeNOx (or Lean NOx) Catalysts:

f. NOx adsorbers (NOx traps):

g. Thermally Durable Catalyst:

So, these are various methods of emission control by using Catalytic Converter. There is one more method for Controlling of NOX from engine.

Exhaust Gas Recirculation:

Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the popular methods now a days. This method mainly controls the NOX emissions. NOX is generated due to very high engine temperature which ranges from 1000 to 1100 degree Celsius. Engine runs at such high temperature due to rich mixtures provided for combustion. In EGR method on the part of outgoing (exhaust) gases is redirected to the input of engine. This suppresses the richness of mixtures. This causes to lower down the temperature of engine which in turn lowers the NOX percentage in exhaust.

More Emission Control Measures are provided in next article.

Related posts:

1. Emission Control in C.I.Engine
2. Emission Control in S.I.Engine
3. Emissions

Seminar on Hybrid Solar Desiccant System:

Here is given the brief information of Hybrid Solar Desiccant System. The main topics under this title are as below:

• Introduction
• What is Desiccant
• New Technological Advances
• Performance comparisons
• Advantages
• Applications etc…

What is Desiccant?

It is hygroscopic substance which when kept in moderately sealed container keep it dry or sustains dryness.Desiccant can exist in both solid as well as in liquid phase.

Commonly Known Desiccants:

Desiccants can be divided in Two major strams:

1. Solid Desiccants:

• Silica Gel
• Activated Alumina
• Lithium Chlorate Salt
• Titanium Silicate

2. Liquid Desiccants:

• Lithium Chlorate
• Lithium Bromide
• Calcium Chloride
• Tri-ethylene Glycol

Advantages of Hybrid Solar Desiccant Cooling System:

1. Being the solar desiccant system it is capable of removing the moisture from the system without any component which have any ozone depleting potential.
2. Also controls the growth of microorganisms.
3. Can be used whole year with good comfort.
4. Electrical demand is considerably reduced.
5. Reduction is size of equipment.
6. Low capital and low maintenance.

Applications of Solar Desiccant Cooling System:

Desiccants have high use potentials today. Lot of applications ask the desiccant systems for their good performance. Some of the common applications are:

• Defense
• Power Plants like Thermal Power Station
• Pharmaceutical Industries
• Museums
• Food and Confectionery Industries

Key Comparison Points Between Hybrid Solar Desiccant System and General System:

-  Hybrid Cycle use less energy than the normal vapour compression unit.

-  Desiccant regeneration is achieved by use of Solar Energy.

-  Performance is afffected by use of components.

-  Solar system have better efficiency than that of vapour or former system.

Related posts:

1. Construction of The Solar Aircraft
2. Concept of The Solar Aircraft